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“水錘效應(yīng)”（Water hammer effect )

是指當(dāng)打開的閥門突然關(guān)閉，由于壓力水流的慣性，產(chǎn)生水流沖擊波，并產(chǎn)生破壞作用，這就是水利學(xué)當(dāng)中的“水錘效應(yīng)”，也就是正水錘。

It refers to that when the open valve is suddenly closed, due to the inertia of pressure water flow, water flow shock wave is generated and destructive effect is generated. This is the "water hammer effect" in hydraulics, that is, positive water hammer.

相反，關(guān)閉的閥門在突然打開后，也會(huì)產(chǎn)生水錘，叫負(fù)水錘，也有一定的破壞力，但沒有前者大。

On the contrary, after the closed valve is suddenly opened, it will also produce a water hammer, called negative water hammer, which also has a certain destructive force, but it is not as big as the former.

水錘效應(yīng)就好像是追尾，最前面的車突然停車了，為后面的車未及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)，從而造成了連環(huán)追尾事故，致使最前面的車破壞嚴(yán)重。水錘效應(yīng)就是與這個(gè)類似。

The water hammer effect is like a rear end collision. The front car suddenly stopped because the rear car was not found in time, resulting in a series of rear end accidents and serious damage to the front car. The water hammer effect is similar to this.

通常，在閥門接近關(guān)閉時(shí)閉合元件突然吸入閥座，稱為溶缸閉鎖效應(yīng)。

溶缸閉鎖效應(yīng)是由低推力執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)所造成的，該執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)沒有足夠的推力以保持在接近閥座的位置，導(dǎo)致泵的突然關(guān)閉或閥門的突然關(guān)閉，從而產(chǎn)生水錘效應(yīng)。對于控制閥，在某些情況下，快開型流量特性的閥門也能導(dǎo)致水錘效應(yīng)。

Usually, when the valve is close to closing, the closing element suddenly sucks into the valve seat, which is called the cylinder locking effect.

The locking effect of the dissolving cylinder is caused by the low thrust actuator, which does not have enough thrust to keep close to the valve seat, resulting in the sudden closure of the pump or the sudden closure of the valve, resulting in water hammer effect. For control valves, in some cases, valves with fast opening flow characteristics can also cause water hammer effect.

雖然水錘產(chǎn)生很大的噪音，但真正的損害是由機(jī)械失效造成的。因?yàn)橛蓜?dòng)能急劇地變化成靜態(tài)的管線壓力，水錘會(huì)沖破管線或損傷管子支架和損害管線接頭。對于閥門，水錘能夠通過閥芯產(chǎn)生嚴(yán)重振動(dòng)，它可能導(dǎo)致閥芯、墊片或填料的失效。

Although the water hammer makes a lot of noise, the real damage is caused by mechanical failure. Because of the sharp change from kinetic energy to static pipeline pressure, water hammer will break through the pipeline or damage the pipe support and pipeline joint. For valves, water hammer can produce serious vibration through the valve core, which may lead to the failure of the valve core, gasket or packing.

對于閥門，防止水錘的辦法是防止系統(tǒng)任何突然的壓力變化。

For valve,the way toprevent water hammer is to prevent any sudden any pressure changes in the system.

包括放慢閥門本身的關(guān)閉速度或當(dāng)閉合元件接近閥座時(shí)提供較大程度的拉力和剛性。為防止壓力波動(dòng)，閥門應(yīng)以均勻變動(dòng)的速度進(jìn)行關(guān)閉。在某些情況下，當(dāng)使用快開特性，可以要求改變?yōu)榈劝俜直忍匦?。對于在接近閥座時(shí)必須節(jié)流的控制閥，應(yīng)當(dāng)使用輸出推力足夠大的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，如活塞式氣動(dòng)執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)或液壓執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，或在手動(dòng)旋轉(zhuǎn)的操作器的行程套管上設(shè)置特殊缺口，將減少或防止溶缸閉鎖效應(yīng)。在管線系統(tǒng)上設(shè)置某種類型的防波動(dòng)措施也能減少水錘。可使用壓力泄放閥或緩沖桶完成。此外氣體可被注入系統(tǒng)內(nèi)，氣體的注入能減少流體的密度并提供某些壓縮性以處理任何突然的波動(dòng)。

This includes slowing down the closing speed of the valve itself or providing a greater degree of tension and rigidity when the closing element approaches the valve seat. In order to prevent pressure fluctuation, the valve shall be closed at a uniform change speed. In some cases, when the quick open feature is used, it can be required to change to the equal percentage feature. For the control valve that must be throttled when approaching the valve seat, an actuator with sufficient output thrust, such as piston pneumatic actuator or hydraulic actuator, or a special notch shall be set on the stroke sleeve of the manually rotating operator, which will reduce or prevent the cylinder locking effect. Setting some type of anti fluctuation measures on the pipeline system can also reduce water hammer. This can be done using a pressure relief valve or a buffer drum. In addition, gas can be injected into the system, which can reduce the density of the fluid and provide some compressibility to deal with any sudden fluctuations.

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